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IPSEC

                                                 IPSEC

IPSEC consist of multiple protocols:
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) A framework for the negotiation and management of security associations between peers (traverses UDP/500)
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Responsible for key agreement using asymmetric cryptography
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Provides data encryption, data integrity, and peer authentication; IP protocol 50
Authentication Header (AH) Provides data integrity and peer authentication, but not data encryption; IP protocol 51

Encryption algorithm:
  Type Key Length (Bits) Strength
DES Symmetric 56 Weak
3DES Symmetric 168 Medium
AES Symmetric 128/192/256 Strong
RSA Asymmetric 1024+ Strong

HASH Algorithm:
Length (Bits) Strength
  MD5 128   Medium
  SHA-1 160   Strong

IPSEC Phase:
Phase 1 A bidirectional ISAKMP SA is established between peers to provide a secure management channel (IKE in main or aggressive mode)
Phase 1.5 (optional) Xauth can optionally be implemented to enforce user authentication
Phase 2 Two unidirectional IPsec SAs are established for data transfer using separate keys (IKE quick mode)

IPSEC modes:
Transport Mode The ESP or AH header is inserted behind the IP header the IP header can be authenticated but not encrypted
Tunnel Mode A new IP header is created in place of the original this allows for encryption of the entire original packet

IPSEC configuration template:

ISAKMP Policy crypto isakmp policy 10
encryption aes 256
hash sha
authentication pre-share
group 2
lifetime 3600

  ISAKMP Pre-Shared Key crypto isakmp key 1 SECRET_KEY address 10.1.1.1

  IPsec Transform Set crypto ipsec transform-set MyTS esp-aes 256 esp-sha-hmac mode tunnel

  IPsec Profile crypto ipsec profile MyProfile
set transform-set MyTS

Virtual Tunnel Interface interface Tunnel0                           
ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.252
tunnel source 10.0.0.1
tunnel destination 10.0.0.2
tunnel mode ipsec ipv4
tunnel protection ipsec profile MyProfile 

Troubleshooting 
show crypto isakmp sa
show crypto isakmp policy
show crypto ipsec sa
show crypto ipsec transform-set
debug crypto {isakmp | ipsec}
Terminology:
Data Integrity Secure hashing (HMAC) is used to ensure data has not been altered in transit
Data Confidentiality Encryption is used to ensure data cannot be intercepted by a third party
Data Origin Authentication Authentication of the SA peer
Anti-replay Sequence numbers are used to detect and discard duplicate packets
Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) A hash of the data and secret key used to provide message authenticity
Diffie-Hellman Exchange A shared secret key is established over an insecure path using public and private keys

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